เฉลยแบบทดสอบก่อนเรียน

แบบทดสอบก่อนเรียน บทที่ 4

We still don't understand the extent of the mind's power over the body, nor do we understand why there should be such power. All we can say for certain is that the mind does have power over the body in very many different ways. If a man is told that he is at the North Pole and he believe what he is told, he'll show physical signs which suggest that his body is reacting as though he were at the North Pole. He'll go pale and shiver. If a hay fever sufferer is shown a photograph of the sort of plant to which he is allergic, he'll sneeze. When the film Lawrence of Arabia was shown, cinema managers around the world reported that the sales of the ice cream rocketed. The endless desert scenes had made the patrons feel uncomfortably hot. Hypnotists use the power of the mind over the body in order to exert their influence. The hypnotist must only convince the patient that something is true, and the patient will act accordingly. If he convinces the patient that his arms are as heavy as lead, then the patient will be unable to lift his arms. If he convinces the patient that a piece of ice is a red hot poker and he then touches the patient's skin with the ice, a blister will develop. The body will react to the suggestion and not to the reality, and signs of a genuine burn will appear.
1. A good title for this passage would be _____.
	1. Physical Signs	2. Mind the Body
	3. The Power of the Mind	4. Influence the Hypnotist

2. From the passage, we might assume that people watching a film about the North Pole would want _____.
	1. a. a cold shower	2. a hot drink
	3. an ice cream cone	4. a red hot poker

3. The word "rocked" in line 9 indicates that sales ____.
	1. rose sharply	2. continued steadily
	3. stopped suddenly	4. people's minds

4. A hypnotist is supposed to be able to control ____.
	1. desert scenes	2. ice cream sales
	3. movie producers	4. people's minds

5. One thing that we do not fully understand is ____.
	1. why we often feel hungry	2. how the mind influences the body
	3. the amazing power of movies	4. the effect of the climate on our behavior

Most people throughout the world experience some from of silence. However, people's attitude toward silence is dramatically different in different cultural groups. Northern European and North American societies, for example, view silence as dark, negative, and full of "nothing"– all of which are considered socially undesirable. In other cultures such as Japan, however, silence is often positively valued. Here, breaking silence is a necessary evil; speaking is a negative act. According to Wayne's study, the U.S. interpretations of silence are sorrow, criticism, obligation, regret and embarrassment. Australian interpretations proved to be similar to the U.S. ones. However, the Japanese attitude toward silence is favorable. Ishikawa's survey on businessmen and businesswomen in Tokyo revealed that men need to be silent to be successful in life and that 65 percent of businesswomen would choose a silent man to marry. Not only in business, but in every aspect of social life, people in the United States like to ask questions and force others to talk to fill interpersonal silences. So in U.S. society and in many European societies, one function of speech is to avoid silence. Contrary to the U.S. practice, in Japanese society, silence is generally considered to be meaningful.
6. According to the passage, what is true about silence?
	1. Silence is always regarded as something negative.
	2. Most cultures view silence as undesirable.
	3. People throughout the world have the same opinion of silence.
	4. People from different cultures interpret silence differently.

7. Wayne's study reports that the U.S. interprets silence as all of the following EXCEPT _____.
	1. blame	2. shame
	3. anger	4. sadness

8. A Japanese woman would probably avoid marrying a ____.
	1. good listener	2. man who hates arguing with women
	3. talkative person	4. man who speaks only when necessary

9. To avoid silence, many Westerners ____.
	1. keep talking to themselves	2. never interrupt each other
	3. fill silence with activities	4. carry on talking and get others to talk

10.The passage suggests that Americans regard silence as ____.
	1. admirable behavior	2. an unwillingness to communicate
	3. meaningful interaction	4. an effective means of communication

Getting a vaccination could soon be as simple as eating a potato. Researchers at the University of Maryland, led by Dr. Carol Tacket, are developing edible vaccines that could grant immunity against some diseases. To be inoculated against a virus, bacterium, or toxin, the antibodies of our immune systems must be exposed to the illness-bearing agent, or pathogen. Vaccines work by exposing the body to pathogens that have been killed or disarmed. Once sensitized, antibodies can mobilize rapidly against familiar enemies by binding to them and preventing their growth and activity. Most vaccines are delivered in shots or pills, but the new one will be incorporated in raw potatoes. The potatoes have been genetically engineered to produce the key piece of an E. coli toxin that causes acute diarrhea. As the spuds move through the intestinal system and are digested, the toxin fragment is released and exposed to the immune system, which then generates antibodies against the toxin. Dr. Tacket's group is waiting for approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to test the potato vaccine on humans; it has already been tested successfully in mice. The next step would be to genetically modify bananas to carry vaccines, because raw bananas taste better than raw potatoes. The potential for edible vaccines is tremendous, especially in developing countries. Whereas current vaccines are expensive to produce, store, transport, and administer, an edible vaccine could be grown where it is needed in the quantity desired, and requires considerably less medical expertise to use.
11. The most suitable title for this passage is _____
	1. Immune Systems	2. Edible Vaccines
	3. Vaccines and Disease	4. Antibodies and Pathogens

12. The word "disarmed" is closest in meaning to _______
	1. divided	2. weakened
	3. identified	4. removed

13. The word "which" refers to ________
	1. toxin fragment	2. intestinal system
	3. immune system	4. Potato vaccine

The difference between the new vaccine and traditional ones is that the new one ________
	1. must be injected	2. is in the form of food
	3. is administered as pills	4. is exposed to the immune system

15. Which is correct concerning the new vaccine according to the passage?
	1. It has not been tested on humans yet.	2. It has been genetically engineered into bananas.
	3. The FDA has not approved animal testing.	4. The FDA has agreed to have it tested on humans.

16. All these pairs of words share similar meaning EXCEPT _____
	1. potatoes-spuds	2. vaccinate-inoculate
	3. administered-delivered	4. mobilize-expose

17. The purpose of genetically modifying bananas to carry vaccine is ________.
	1. to make it easier to digest
	2. to disguise the unpleasant taste of the vaccine
	3. because bananas are cheaper and easier to grow than potatoes
	4. because people are more likely to eat raw bananas than raw potatoes.

18. The author suggests that this new vaccine is especially beneficial to developing countries because it _______
	1. is very effective	2. has no side effects
	3. does not cause allergies	4. can be produced locally

19. The vaccine mentioned in this passage specifically prevents _____.
	1. diarrhea	2. indigestion
	3. skin diseases	4. food allergies

20. If the new vaccine requires considerably less medical expertise to use, it can save money on ______.
	1. production	2. storage
	3. administration	4. transportation